Clinical complications associated with diabetes may include the following:

• cardiovascular disease
  Cardiovascular disease, in many cases, is caused by atherosclerosis - an excess build-up of plaque on the inner wall of a large blood vessel, which restricts the flow of blood.
  
  
  • Heart disease is the leading cause of diabetes-related deaths.
    
    
  • Heart disease and stroke are two to four times more common in persons with diabetes.
    
    
  • Persons with diabetes have heart disease death rates nearly two to four times higher than in persons without diabetes.
    
    
• hypertension
  High blood pressure affects 60 to 65 percent of persons with diabetes.
  
  
• dental disease
  Periodontal (gum) disease occurs with greater frequency in persons with diabetes. Periodontal disease occurs among 30 percent of people 19 years old or older with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
• retinopathy or glaucoma (eye disease or blindness)
  Blindness due to diabetic retinopathy is a more important cause of visual impairment in younger-onset people than in older-onset people. Males with younger-onset diabetes generally develop retinopathy more rapidly than females with younger-onset diabetes.
  
  
  • Diabetic retinopathy causes from 12,000 to 24,000 new cases of blindness each year.
    
    
  • Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness among adults 20 to 74 years of age.
    
    
• renal disease (kidney/urinary tract disease)
  Ten to 21 percent of all people with diabetes develop kidney disease.
  
  
  • Diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a condition in which the patient requires dialysis or a kidney transplant in order to live.
    
    
  • According to the latest recorded statistics from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), in 1999, 114,478 persons with diabetes underwent dialysis or transplantation.
    
    
• neuropathy (nerve disease)
  
  
  • Approximately 60 to 70 percent of people with diabetes have mild to severe forms of diabetic nerve damage.
    
    
  • Male with poorly controlled diabetes frequently have E.D.
    
    
  • Severe forms of diabetic nerve disease are the major contributing cause of lower-extremity amputations.
    
    
• amputation
  More than half the amputations in the US occur among people with diabetes.
  
  
  • diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
    DKA is one of the most serious outcomes of poorly controlled diabetes, and primarily occurs in persons with type 1 diabetes. DKA is marked by high blood glucose levels along with ketones in the urine. DKA is responsible for about 10 percent of diabetes-related deaths in individuals with diabetes under age 45.

Persons with diabetes must stay alert for symptoms that can lead to clinical complications. The best way to do this is to:

• get regular checkups - finding problems early is the best way to keep complications from becoming serious.
  
  
• keep appointments with your physician - even when you are feeling well.
  
  
• be aware of symptoms and warning signs of potential problems, including the following:
  
  
  • vision problems (blurriness, spots)
    
    
  • fatigue
    
    
  • pale skin color
    
    
  • obesity (more than 20 pounds overweight)
    
    
  • numbness or tingling feelings in hands or feet
    
    
  • repeated infections or slow healing of wounds
    
    
  • chest pain
    
    
  • vaginal itching
    
    
  • constant headaches

• carefully self-monitor blood sugar levels several times a day, as directed by your physician.
  
  
• control weight.
  
  
• eat a healthy, well-balanced diet.
  
  
• get regular exercise.
  
  
• check your feet every day for even minor cuts or blisters.
  
  
• follow your physicians recommendations
  
  
• participate in your care plan
  
  
• early evaluation by sub-specialist if poor control
  
  
• quit smoking.